Germanium brand, chemical structure
Germanium is a silvery lightweight metal, the element of the 4th group of the system the chemical. items where labeled as Ge. Refers to multiple elements. Its atomic weight 72,59, while the share of 5.33 g/cm3. Opened by a German scientist Winkler in 1886 and was named by the name of his homeland — Germany. In a free state is not found, only as an impurity in Nickel tungsten ores, sedimentary rocks, coal, silicates, peat, thermal waters, and accumulated algae.
Chemical and physical properties
Germanium is quite brittle metal. To t° 550 °C it is hot and cold pressure treatment. Surface film of oxide, makes it quite stable under normal conditions to the action of air, water, hydrochloric acid. He is very weak reacts with caustic alkali, but easily dissolved with Aqua Regia or alkaline solution of hydrogen peroxide. The Ge Valence +2; +4. Chemical compounds are more stable with higher valence are Most often used dioxide GeO2. .
| Physical quality Ge | |
|---|---|
| Atomic (molar) mass, g/mol | 72,64 |
| The degree of oxidation | 4, 2 |
| Density [g/cm3] | 5,323 |
| The melting temperature t°C | 938,2°C |
| The heat of fusion kJ/mol | 36,8 |
| The thermal conductivity K [W/(m·K)] | 60,2 |
| Heat of evaporation kJ/mol | 328 |
Production
Germanium is obtained by processing of ores of non-ferrous metals, and ash from coal combustion. Define its content with the aid of spectral emission analysis, where it is detected by the formation of the German-molybdenum bright yellow acid. Metallurgical method it is smelted at t° 800 — 1800 °C. to obtain technical it purify germanium in quartz columns with hydrochloric acid, method of diffusion, which is directed to the crystallization. The production of monocrystalline Germany used in semiconductor devices regulated GOST 16153−80 and appropriate technical terms.
Application
This metal refers to semiconductors, which are used as high-frequency single crystals for the production of transistors, photoresistors, photodiodes and diodes. From Germany made the Hall sensors, resistance thermometers, lenses x-ray spectroscopy. In the jewelry and prosthodontic technique applied high strength coating Germany. Some alloys are designed for corrosion protection coatings and impurities dioxide GeO2 is used in alloys, rolled metal wires, rods, sheets.
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